From 8f55561513fd39b3e129abadfe2c095b921fd155 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Farhan Saif <fsaif@uic.edu>
Date: Thu, 26 Mar 2026 10:01:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] gh-146452: Fix pickle segfault when pickling dict with
 concurrent mutation

---
 Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_pickle.py   | 49 +++++++++++++++++++
 ...3-26-09-30-00.gh-issue-146452.Y2N6qZ8J.rst |  4 ++
 Modules/_pickle.c                             | 14 +++++-
 3 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_pickle.py
 create mode 100644 Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-03-26-09-30-00.gh-issue-146452.Y2N6qZ8J.rst

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_pickle.py b/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_pickle.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9d7024983377e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_pickle.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import pickle
+import threading
+import unittest
+
+from test.support import threading_helper
+
+
+@threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+class TestPickleFreeThreading(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_pickle_dumps_with_concurrent_dict_mutation(self):
+        # gh-146452: Pickling a dict while another thread mutates it
+        # used to segfault. batch_dict_exact() iterated dict items via
+        # PyDict_Next() which returns borrowed references, and a
+        # concurrent pop/replace could free the value before Py_INCREF
+        # got to it.
+        shared = {str(i): list(range(20)) for i in range(50)}
+
+        def dumper():
+            for _ in range(1000):
+                try:
+                    pickle.dumps(shared)
+                except RuntimeError:
+                    # "dictionary changed size during iteration" is expected
+                    pass
+
+        def mutator():
+            for j in range(1000):
+                key = str(j % 50)
+                shared[key] = list(range(j % 20))
+                if j % 10 == 0:
+                    shared.pop(key, None)
+                    shared[key] = [j]
+
+        threads = []
+        for _ in range(10):
+            threads.append(threading.Thread(target=dumper))
+        threads.append(threading.Thread(target=mutator))
+
+        for t in threads:
+            t.start()
+        for t in threads:
+            t.join()
+
+        # If we get here without a segfault, the test passed.
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-03-26-09-30-00.gh-issue-146452.Y2N6qZ8J.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-03-26-09-30-00.gh-issue-146452.Y2N6qZ8J.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..1bd98f4f42cca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-03-26-09-30-00.gh-issue-146452.Y2N6qZ8J.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Fix segfault in :mod:`pickle` when pickling a dictionary concurrently
+mutated by another thread in the free-threaded build. The dict iteration in
+``batch_dict_exact`` now holds a critical section to prevent borrowed
+references from being invalidated mid-iteration.
diff --git a/Modules/_pickle.c b/Modules/_pickle.c
index a55e04290b8fdd..7a23513570b17e 100644
--- a/Modules/_pickle.c
+++ b/Modules/_pickle.c
@@ -3451,7 +3451,7 @@ batch_dict(PickleState *state, PicklerObject *self, PyObject *iter, PyObject *or
  * Note that this currently doesn't work for protocol 0.
  */
 static int
-batch_dict_exact(PickleState *state, PicklerObject *self, PyObject *obj)
+batch_dict_exact_impl(PickleState *state, PicklerObject *self, PyObject *obj)
 {
     PyObject *key = NULL, *value = NULL;
     int i;
@@ -3524,6 +3524,18 @@ batch_dict_exact(PickleState *state, PicklerObject *self, PyObject *obj)
     return -1;
 }
 
+/* gh-146452: Wrap the dict iteration in a critical section to prevent
+   concurrent mutation from invalidating PyDict_Next() iteration state. */
+static int
+batch_dict_exact(PickleState *state, PicklerObject *self, PyObject *obj)
+{
+    int ret;
+    Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(obj);
+    ret = batch_dict_exact_impl(state, self, obj);
+    Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION();
+    return ret;
+}
+
 static int
 save_dict(PickleState *state, PicklerObject *self, PyObject *obj)
 {